 |
| Prague, (November 17 to December 29, 1989), "The Velvet Revolution". Popular demonstrations against the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia combined students and older dissidents. A new Europe arrising. |
Europe
From the first months of 1989, Europe faced the most sweeping political changes that had to happened since 1848. A huge wave of labor and social struggles swept the Eastern Europe and led to the collapse of the regimes of the state capitalism.
Specifically:
Romania
 |
| Nikolae Ceausescu, the last communist leader of Romania at his last speach |
At 1989’s Christmas, the Romanian dictator Ceausescu executed after a concussive folksy uprising. Thus closed a whole historical period of Stalin’s regimes in Eastern Europe.
The beginning of end started in February of 1989, when the Polish regime invited the labor union ‘’Solidarity’’ to take part in conversations for its participation in government. This, led the dictatorial monolith to its breaking, not only Polish’s but of all the states that had capitalism regime. On June 4 of that year the status of Poland forced after years of economic and political crisis to call an election. The union ‘’Solidarity’’ wins on the elections. Finaly, on August 24, Tadeusz Mazowiecki becomes the first non-Communist prime minister of the eastern bloc.
In August of 89’ thousands of Eastern Germans go to embassies of West Germany in Eastern Berlin, Czechoslovakia and Hungary asking for asylum. While visiting the Eastern Berlin the leader of Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev calls on the regime for reformations. The first demonstrations against the regime start at Eastern Berlin. On November 7 to 8, the East German government resigns while thousands of Eastern Germans demonstrators arriving at the borders and require cross them. On November 9, the Berlin Wall knocks down from the happy crowd.
In Bulgaria on November 10th, 89 ' regime forces to resign Bulgarian dictator Todor Zhivkov.
In Czechoslovakia a student demonstration conflicts with the police and in this way starts the "Velvet Revolution’’. On November 20, half million people demonstrates in Prague. On November 27, a general strike takes place. Finally, on December 29 the communists’ sovereignty terminates after 41 years.
In Russia the reclassifications begin from 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev takes up the leadership. He made very important changes among economy and leadership (Perestroika). With the Soviet Union in poor financial condition and the most of the Eastern European states to abandon communism, Gorbachev sought to end the "Cold War’’. In 1989 the Russian confederation arraigns a new congress with labor representatives, where Boris Yeltsin becomes the new president. He made such laws, so that he could dislodge the Soviet leadership. A referendum was held concerning the preservation of the USSR on 17 March 1991. On December 8, 1991, the Presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Beloveza agreements declared the dissolution of the Soviet Union and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) .
For many years, Albania was under communism, under the leadership of Enver Xoxha. The regime treated people with incredible violence, causing only bad blood. In 1985, Hoxha died and Ramiz Alia took his place. The Albanian regime was under the pressure of USA, Europe and the internal rebellion. After the Ceausescu’s execution (communist leader of Romania) in 1989, Alia resign the pact of Helsinki for the respect of human rights. After two years the Foreign Minister of Greece Antonis Samaras in cooperation with the Prime Minister Kostas Mitsotakis released the opening of the borders, resulting the entrance of thousands of immigrants in Greece.
The 1989 can be called the year of instability and confusion as the electoral process took no majority government. In the elections of June 18, 1989 the people punishes PASOK scandals and comes first in power the party of New Democracy. In foreign policy, changes in the Balkans (1989-1991) overthrew balances beneficial for Greece. Two issues dominate: developments in Albania and the problem with Skopje.
This period is divided into two phases. In the first, they formed the government tzannis tzannetakis, which was sworn in on July 1, 1989 and resigned on October 12, 1989.
The Tzannetaki government based on parliamentary alliance SW - PLUS. The main purpose of government was to "cleanse" the scandals, that the reference in D. Papandreou and leaders of PASOK to the Special Court for the determination of any criminal responsibility.
In the second phase, they formed "ecumenical government" under X.Zolota, who was sworn in on November 22, 1989 and resulted in the election of April 8, 1990.
The government X.Zolota, former Governor of Bank of Greece, was a temporary emergency solution, unable to take serious decisions at the same time the economy threatened to spiral out of control. The government lasted as required by the President of the Republic election procedures.
Η κυβέρνηση Ξ.Ζολώτα, πρώην διοικητή Τράπεζας Ελλάδος, ήταν μια πρόσκαιρη λύση ανάγκης, ανίκανη να πάρει σοβαρές αποφάσεις, την ίδια στιγμή που η οικονομία κινδύνευε να ξεφύγει από κάθε έλεγχο. Η κυβέρνηση διήρκεσε όσο απαιτούσαν οι διαδικασίες εκλογής Προέδρου της Δημοκρατίας.
On April 9, 1990 formed a government under the presidency of Constantine Mitsotakis.
In late October 1990 has already started the discussion and bilateral contacts with the Albanian government on the so-called "open borders." At that time the Greek government expressing interests of Greek magnates promoted "create hydroelectric plant from Greece to share the two countries" and "construction of Greek businessmen street Egnatia arriving in Durres." There ie need for cheap labor.
 |
| Bucurest 1989, the Revolution |
 |
| Bucurest 1989, the Revolution |
Poland
 |
| Lech Walesa,A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity |
The beginning of end started in February of 1989, when the Polish regime invited the labor union ‘’Solidarity’’ to take part in conversations for its participation in government. This, led the dictatorial monolith to its breaking, not only Polish’s but of all the states that had capitalism regime. On June 4 of that year the status of Poland forced after years of economic and political crisis to call an election. The union ‘’Solidarity’’ wins on the elections. Finaly, on August 24, Tadeusz Mazowiecki becomes the first non-Communist prime minister of the eastern bloc.
Germany
 |
| On November 9, the Berlin Wall knocks down from the happy crowd. |
In August of 89’ thousands of Eastern Germans go to embassies of West Germany in Eastern Berlin, Czechoslovakia and Hungary asking for asylum. While visiting the Eastern Berlin the leader of Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev calls on the regime for reformations. The first demonstrations against the regime start at Eastern Berlin. On November 7 to 8, the East German government resigns while thousands of Eastern Germans demonstrators arriving at the borders and require cross them. On November 9, the Berlin Wall knocks down from the happy crowd.
Bulgaria
 |
| Todor Zhivkov |
In Bulgaria on November 10th, 89 ' regime forces to resign Bulgarian dictator Todor Zhivkov.
 |
| November 18, 1989. Sofia, Bulgaria. Anti-Communist demo in front of Alexander Nevski cathedral. An upside down portrait of Communist dictator Todor Shivkov next to a poster of Jesus Christ symbolizes change. |
Czechoslovakia
In Czechoslovakia a student demonstration conflicts with the police and in this way starts the "Velvet Revolution’’. On November 20, half million people demonstrates in Prague. On November 27, a general strike takes place. Finally, on December 29 the communists’ sovereignty terminates after 41 years.
C.C.C.P.- Союз Советских Социалистических Республик(Russia)
 |
| Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev, President of the Soviet Union |
In Russia the reclassifications begin from 1985, when Mikhail Gorbachev takes up the leadership. He made very important changes among economy and leadership (Perestroika). With the Soviet Union in poor financial condition and the most of the Eastern European states to abandon communism, Gorbachev sought to end the "Cold War’’. In 1989 the Russian confederation arraigns a new congress with labor representatives, where Boris Yeltsin becomes the new president. He made such laws, so that he could dislodge the Soviet leadership. A referendum was held concerning the preservation of the USSR on 17 March 1991. On December 8, 1991, the Presidents of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed the Beloveza agreements declared the dissolution of the Soviet Union and established the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) .
Albania
For many years, Albania was under communism, under the leadership of Enver Xoxha. The regime treated people with incredible violence, causing only bad blood. In 1985, Hoxha died and Ramiz Alia took his place. The Albanian regime was under the pressure of USA, Europe and the internal rebellion. After the Ceausescu’s execution (communist leader of Romania) in 1989, Alia resign the pact of Helsinki for the respect of human rights. After two years the Foreign Minister of Greece Antonis Samaras in cooperation with the Prime Minister Kostas Mitsotakis released the opening of the borders, resulting the entrance of thousands of immigrants in Greece.
Greece
The 1989 can be called the year of instability and confusion as the electoral process took no majority government. In the elections of June 18, 1989 the people punishes PASOK scandals and comes first in power the party of New Democracy. In foreign policy, changes in the Balkans (1989-1991) overthrew balances beneficial for Greece. Two issues dominate: developments in Albania and the problem with Skopje.
This period is divided into two phases. In the first, they formed the government tzannis tzannetakis, which was sworn in on July 1, 1989 and resigned on October 12, 1989.
The Tzannetaki government based on parliamentary alliance SW - PLUS. The main purpose of government was to "cleanse" the scandals, that the reference in D. Papandreou and leaders of PASOK to the Special Court for the determination of any criminal responsibility.
In the second phase, they formed "ecumenical government" under X.Zolota, who was sworn in on November 22, 1989 and resulted in the election of April 8, 1990.
The government X.Zolota, former Governor of Bank of Greece, was a temporary emergency solution, unable to take serious decisions at the same time the economy threatened to spiral out of control. The government lasted as required by the President of the Republic election procedures.
Η κυβέρνηση Ξ.Ζολώτα, πρώην διοικητή Τράπεζας Ελλάδος, ήταν μια πρόσκαιρη λύση ανάγκης, ανίκανη να πάρει σοβαρές αποφάσεις, την ίδια στιγμή που η οικονομία κινδύνευε να ξεφύγει από κάθε έλεγχο. Η κυβέρνηση διήρκεσε όσο απαιτούσαν οι διαδικασίες εκλογής Προέδρου της Δημοκρατίας.
On April 9, 1990 formed a government under the presidency of Constantine Mitsotakis.
In late October 1990 has already started the discussion and bilateral contacts with the Albanian government on the so-called "open borders." At that time the Greek government expressing interests of Greek magnates promoted "create hydroelectric plant from Greece to share the two countries" and "construction of Greek businessmen street Egnatia arriving in Durres." There ie need for cheap labor.
 |
| Andreas Papandreou |
 |
| Konstantinos Mitsotakis, as priminister 1990 |
Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:
Δημοσίευση σχολίου
Σημείωση: Μόνο ένα μέλος αυτού του ιστολογίου μπορεί να αναρτήσει σχόλιο.